Dr Nicholas Woo

Consultant Vet and Surgeon
BVSc (Hons), MANZCVS (Small Animal Surgery)

Seeing your dog run, jump and play is a big part of what makes pet ownership rewarding. Movement is essential to a dog's happiness, which is why it can be so distressing when that activity is suddenly halted by a limp or a yelp of pain.

Orthopaedic issues can affect dogs of any age or breed, although some may be more prone than others. These conditions typically involve the joints, ligaments or spine, leading to pain and reduced mobility. While some cases result from sudden injuries, many develop gradually due to genetic factors or age-related changes. Knowing what to look out for could be key to your dog receiving the appropriate care that it needs.

1. Cruciate Ligament Injuries

The cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) in dogs is similar to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in humans. It is responsible for stabilising the knee joint, preventing the shin bone from sliding forward relative to the thigh bone. Ruptures or tears in this ligament can cause the knee to become unstable, leading to significant pain and inflammation.

Dogs at Risk: Active dogs, overweight dogs and large breeds like Labradors and Rottweilers are more likely to experience ligament injuries.
Signs to Watch For: Sudden limping on a hind leg, holding the leg up while standing, or difficulty rising from a seated position.

2. Hip Dysplasia

Hip dysplasia occurs when the hip joint develops abnormally. In a healthy hip, the ball (femoral head) sits smoothly within the socket (acetabulum) of the pelvis. In dogs with dysplasia, the fit is loose or irregular. As the dog moves, the ball grinds against the socket rather than gliding smoothly.

Over time, this laxity causes wear and tear, eventually leading to painful osteoarthritis. In more advanced cases, surgical options such as hip replacement surgery or early interventions like juvenile pubic symphysiodesis may be considered to improve joint stability and long-term mobility.

Dogs at Risk: Large breeds such as German Shepherds, Golden Retrievers, and Saint Bernards are more prone due to genetic predisposition and growth patterns.
Signs to Watch For: A ‘bunny hopping’ gait (using both hind legs together), reluctance to run or climb stairs, and stiffness when getting up.

3. Patellar Luxation

In this condition, the patella (kneecap) dislocates or pops out of its normal groove within the thigh bone. This can be a temporary issue that snaps back into place or, in severe cases, a permanent dislocation.

Dogs at Risk: Small and toy breeds like Chihuahuas, Yorkshire Terriers and French Poodles are more likely to experience patellar luxation.
Signs to Watch For: Intermittent skipping or hopping on three legs, sudden yelping or shaking the leg to reset the knee.

4. Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint condition in which the cartilage that cushions the joints gradually wears down. As this protective layer diminishes, bones begin to rub against each other, leading to inflammation, stiffness and ongoing pain.

It often develops as a secondary condition following other orthopaedic issues, such as hip dysplasia or ligament injuries.

Dogs at Risk: Senior dogs, overweight dogs and those with a history of joint injury are at a higher risk of developing osteoarthritis.
Signs to Watch For: General stiffness (especially after rest), slowing down on walks, licking joints and irritability when touched.

5. Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD)

IVDD affects the cushioning discs between the vertebrae of the spinal column. These discs can bulge or burst (herniate) into the spinal cord space, pressing on the nerves. If left untreated, this can cause pain, nerve damage and even paralysis. In severe cases where nerve compression is significant, spinal surgery may be required to relieve pressure on the spinal cord and restore function.

Dogs at Risk: Breeds with long backs and short legs (chondrodystrophic breeds) like Dachshunds, Basset Hounds and Corgis are more susceptible due to their body structure.
Signs to Watch For: Arched back (kyphosis), uncoordinated walk (ataxia), unsteadiness, dragging of the back legs or crying out when picked up.

6. Fractures and Trauma

Fractures are acute injuries caused by significant force, such as from sudden trauma, falls or rough play. This could be a break in any bone in the body, but it is most common in the femur (thigh bone), pelvis, humerus (upper arm) and radius/ulna (forearm).

Dogs at Risk: Any dog can suffer a fracture, but highly active dogs or those with brittle bones (osteoporosis) may be more susceptible.
Signs to Watch For: Inability to bear weight on a limb, visible swelling or abnormal shape of the leg and indications of acute pain like whining or panting.

How to Prevent Orthopaedic Problems in Dogs

While not all orthopaedic conditions can be avoided, especially those linked to genetics, there are several steps you can take to reduce your dog’s risk and support long-term joint health.

Maintain a Healthy Weight

Excess weight places additional strain on joints and ligaments, increasing the risk of injuries and conditions like osteoarthritis.

Provide Regular, Appropriate Exercise

Low-impact activities such as walking or swimming help strengthen muscles and support joint stability. Avoid overexertion, especially in puppies or at-risk breeds.

Support Joint Health with Proper Nutrition

Diets formulated for joint support, along with nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids, may help reduce inflammation. Always consult your veterinarian before introducing supplements.

Create a Joint-Friendly Environment

Use non-slip flooring to prevent slips and provide supportive bedding to reduce pressure on joints. Limiting high-impact activities like jumping on furniture can also help.

Schedule Regular Veterinary Check-Ups

Routine assessments can help detect subtle changes early, allowing for timely management before conditions worsen.

When Should Your Dog See a Vet?

While some mild stiffness or limping may improve with rest, persistent or worsening symptoms should not be ignored. Early veterinary assessment can help identify the underlying cause and prevent the condition from progressing. You should consider a consultation if you notice these signs:

Limping Lasts More Than a Few Days

Ongoing limping may indicate ligament injuries, joint issues or fractures that require proper evaluation.

Shows Signs of Pain or Discomfort

Whining, reluctance to move, or sensitivity when touched can signal a more serious problem.

Has Difficulty Standing, Walking, or Climbing Stairs

Changes in mobility may point to joint or spinal conditions.

Experiences Sudden Injury or Trauma

Falls, accidents or rough play can result in fractures or soft tissue injuries that need immediate attention.

Shows Worsening or Recurring Symptoms

Intermittent issues that keep returning may indicate an underlying orthopaedic condition.

Has Changes in Posture or Gait

An arched back, uneven walking or unusual movement patterns can be early signs of spinal or joint problems.

Awareness and Proactivity to Protect Your Dog’s Mobility

Orthopaedic problems in dogs can affect their quality of life, but early awareness and proactive care can make a meaningful difference. By recognising the signs, taking preventive steps and seeking timely veterinary advice, you can help support your dog’s mobility and comfort.

Advanced Vetcare is equipped to handle complex orthopaedic cases, with in-house diagnostic imaging to accurately identify the root of the problem, and post-operative rehabilitation services designed to help your dog get back on their paws as safely as possible. Veterinary care is led by Dr Nicholas Woo, whose special interests include orthopaedics, total hip replacements and spinal surgery. If your dog is showing signs of orthopaedic problems, reach out to us for a professional assessment by our specialist.